Why do DNS changes take time to propagate?

Because different caches honor their TTLs independently. Some users may continue to see the old record until those caches expire.

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DNS is the system that translates a domain name into an IP address so the browser can connect to the correct server.

Because the browser usually needs the IP address before it can connect. A slow lookup delays the entire request chain.

TTL is the time a DNS answer can be cached before it should be refreshed. It controls how long clients and resolvers reuse the record.

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