What was the pre-promise solution for callback hell in JavaScript?
Control flow libraries like async.js (async.waterfall, async.series). These managed the flow of callbacks without deep nesting. They are rarely needed now that promises and async/await are native.
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More FAQs in How to Avoid Callback Hell in JavaScript
Use async/await (cleanest, looks synchronous with try/catch), promises (.then chains with .catch), or named functions (flat but verbose). Never write deeply nested anonymous callbacks.
async/await. It makes async code look synchronous, eliminates nesting, and uses try/catch for errors. It is the cleanest and most readable solution for modern code.
They keep the code flat instead of nested. Each callback is a named function defined at the top level, not an anonymous inline function. The code reads top-to-bottom instead of drifting right (pyramid).
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