What is the difference between map, filter, and reduce in JavaScript?
map transforms each element and returns a new array of the same length. filter selects elements that pass a test and returns a shorter (or equal) array. reduce combines all elements into a single value using an accumulator.
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More FAQs in map, filter, and reduce as Higher-Order Functions
No. Both return new arrays. The original array is unchanged. This is important for immutability and predictable code.
Without it, the first element is the initial accumulator. This causes bugs if the array is empty (TypeError) or if the accumulator type differs from the element type (e.g., building an object from an array of objects).
Yes. map and filter return new arrays, so you can chain them. reduce returns a single value, so it is usually last. Example: arr.filter(n => n > 1).map(n => n * 2).reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0).
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