What is the difference between a Mongoose schema and a model?
A schema defines the shape of a document (fields, types, validation, defaults). A model is a constructor compiled from a schema; it is what you use to query and save documents. Schema is the blueprint; model is the database interface.
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Define a schema with new mongoose.Schema({ ... }), then compile a model with mongoose.model('User', userSchema). The model is what you use to create, read, update, and delete documents.
Field types (String, Number, Date, ObjectId), validation (required, min, max, enum, match), defaults, indexes (unique, sparse), virtuals, middleware hooks, and instance/static methods.
Model.create, Model.find, Model.findOne, Model.findById, Model.findByIdAndUpdate, Model.findByIdAndDelete, Model.countDocuments, Model.updateMany. Each returns a promise (with await) or a query (chainable).
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