What is partial application in JavaScript?

Transforming a function that takes multiple arguments into a sequence of functions that each take one argument. f(a, b, c) becomes f(a)(b)(c). Each partial call returns a new function that closes over the accumulated arguments.

Currying transforms a function into a chain of single-argument functions (f(a)(b)(c)). Partial application fixes some arguments and returns a function for the rest (f(a, b, c) with a preset becomes f'(b, c)).

Each partial call returns a new function that closes over the accumulated arguments. When enough arguments are collected, the original function is called. The closures keep the intermediate arguments alive between calls.