What is encapsulation in JavaScript and how do closures help?
Encapsulation is hiding internal state and exposing only a controlled API. Closures achieve this by keeping variables in a function's lexical environment and returning methods that interact with them. The outside world can only use the returned methods.
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More FAQs in Closures and Data Privacy in JavaScript
By declaring variables inside a function and returning methods that access them. The variables are in the function's lexical environment and cannot be accessed directly from outside, only through the returned methods.
An IIFE that creates a private scope and returns an object with public methods. The private variables and methods are hidden inside the closure. Only the returned object is accessible from outside.
No. ES2022 introduced #private class fields, which are truly private on class instances. But closures are still widely used for private state in non-class contexts and were the standard before private fields existed.
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