Should I use named or default exports in Node.js?
Use named exports (exports.add, exports.subtract) when exporting multiple values, so the interface is explicit and requiring files can destructure. Use a default export (module.exports = fn) when exporting one main thing, to signal it is the primary export.
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More FAQs in Node.js Modules Best Practices for Clean and Reusable Code
One concern per module, export a clear minimal interface, use named exports for multiple values and a default for single, pick one module system consistently, and avoid side effects on require so modules are easy to test.
Because a module that does work just by being required, like sending emails or connecting to a database, is hard to test and reason about. Export a function that does the work instead, so the work happens when you call it, not when you import it.
Because focused modules are easier to test, reuse, and understand. A user controller that also sends emails and connects to databases is doing too much. One concern per module keeps each piece simple and its purpose clear.
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