Is pre-training identical for all language models?
No. Models can differ in data mixture, architecture, objectives, modalities, and training procedure. Next-token prediction is common for autoregressive models, not a universal requirement.
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The training targets are derived from the data itself: the next token is already present in each sequence. People need not label every prediction manually.
No. Predicting varied text can require learning factual associations, discourse patterns, code structure, and useful representations, although those capabilities remain imperfect and uneven.
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