The answer
Exactly one per program. It sits at the bottom of the call stack for the entire lifetime of the script.
Global Execution Context vs Function Execution Context
How many global execution contexts are there?
More FAQs in Global Execution Context vs Function Execution Context
The global context is created once at program start and lives until the program ends. A function context is created every time a function is called and is destroyed when it returns.
In a browser, this points to the window object. In Node.js modules, this points to module.exports (or globalThis in modern code).
No. Variables declared with var inside a function are local to that function's execution context and are not attached to window or globalThis.
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