How do I traverse a matrix by columns first instead of rows?
Simply invert the loops. Make the outer loop iterate over the columns (0 to width), and the inner loop iterate over the rows (0 to height).
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More FAQs in Printing 2D Grids and Matrices Using Nested Loops
A matrix is two-dimensional. You need an outer loop to traverse vertically through the rows, and an inner loop to traverse horizontally through the columns.
It is standard 2D array access notation. It retrieves the exact value located at the specified row (Y-axis) and column (X-axis) coordinate.
If N is the width of a square matrix, traversing the N x N grid takes O(N^2) operations. However, relative to the total number of items (M), the traversal is O(M) linear time.
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