How do ES6 modules replace the module pattern in JavaScript?
ES6 modules provide module scope automatically. Top-level variables are private to the module unless exported. This replaces the IIFE module pattern with a cleaner syntax using export and import.
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An IIFE that creates a private scope and returns an object with public methods. Private variables and functions are hidden inside the closure. Only the returned object is accessible from outside.
A variation where all functions are defined as private, and the return object maps public names to private functions. This is cleaner because all implementations are defined in one place and the return object just reveals which are public.
Encapsulation (private state is hidden), a clear public API (only returned methods are accessible), no global pollution (everything is inside the IIFE), and state persistence (closed-over variables persist across calls).
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